Table of Contents

Lifestyles in Early South Asia
A Sourcebook for Time Travelers

An Invitation.............................................................................. I
Editorial Note for Non-Time-Travelers.......................... iii
Table of Contents............................................................... viii
The Setting............................................................................ xxii

Volume One,
Earliest Days to 180 BCE
Section 1: Homes Without Words: Earliest Days to 1300 BCE
chapter 1: Beginnings: Earliest Days to 7000 BCE.... 3
Hard Times
Meager Finds
Colorful Homes and People
Nomadic Cuisine
Early Weather
Actual Earliest Homes
Daily Life in the Zillions BCE
A Verbal Comic Strip: Camp, India, c8500 BCE
chapter 2: Farmers and Villages: 7000 to 2700 BCE 12
Farming Lifestyles
Ancient Climate
Dealing with Early Challenges
Population Ideas
A Worldwide Context
Ancient Cuisine
Ancient Furniture??
Actual Homes in Mountainous Northern South Asia
Explanation of Terms
Some Early Technologies
Actual Homes in Flat Northern South Asia
New Words?
Actual Homes in Central Hilly India
Daily Life
New Scenery
Home Beginnings
Settlement Beginnings
Ancient Feelings
A Verbal Cartoon: Farm, c5000 BCE
chapter 3: Harappan and Other Styles: 2700 to 1300 BCE   24
Exciting Times
A Worldwide Context
Emerging Languages
Cuisine and/or Companions in South Asia
Harappan Home Decor in Northwestern South Asia
Harappan Life in Northwestern South Asia
Not-So-Huge Harappan Settlements
Harappan Gender Issues in Northwestern South Asia
Actual Homes in Mountainous Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Flat Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Arid Western India
Actual Homes in Central Hilly India
A Story: Romancing the Lapis, Harappa, 2000 BCE
Linguistics in the Southern Indian Plateau
Actual Homes on the Southern Indian Plateau and Coasts
A Variety of Lifestyles in South Asia
A Time-Traveling Excursion: Early Glass Worldwide
A Modern-Day Excursion: Languages in South Asia Today

Section 2: Earliest Home Stories: 1300 to 600 BCE
chapter 4: Villages and Vedic Life: 1300 to 600 BCE 70
South Asian Historical Background
A Worldwide Context
Actual Homes in Mountainous Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Flat Northern South Asia
A Library from Flat Northern South Asia
Many Languages
Travelers and Farming Villages in the North
Home Expectations in the North
Home Design in the North
Building in the North
Furniture in the North
Home Decor in the North
Housework in the North
Evidence of Household Help in Homes
Vedic Society in the North
Evidence of Polygyny in Homes
Vedic Culture in the North
Vedic Cuisine in the North
Vedic Hospitality in the North
Vedic Self-Care in the North
Vedic Warmongering in the North
A Story: My Big Fat Vedic Wedding, Uttar Pradesh, 800 BCE
Actual Homes in Fertile Northeastern South Asia
Actual Homes in Arid Western India
Actual Homes in Central Hilly India
Actual Homes on the Southern Indian Plateau and Coasts
Actual Homes on the Islands of South Asia
Looking Back
A Modern-Day Excursion: Hinduism
A Modern-Day Excursion: Multilingualism in South Asia Today
A Wide-Ranging Excursion: Castes
A Time-Traveling Excursion: Literacy

Section 3: Diverse Settlements: 600 BCE to 180 BCE
chapter 5: Many Lifestyles: 600 to 326 BCE............ 139
South Asian Urban and Rural Surroundings
South Asian Historical Background
A Worldwide Context
Actual Homes in Mountainous Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Flat Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Fertile Northeastern South Asia
Actual Homes in Arid Western India
Actual Homes in Central Hilly India
A Specialist Library of Northern South Asia and Its Patrons
South Asian Languages
Castes in Northern South Asia
Government in Northern South Asia
A Cross-Section of Society in Northern South Asia
Women and Respect in Northern South Asia
Etiquette in Northern South Asia
Marriage and Family in Northern South Asia
Philosophies in Northern South Asia
Philosophy of Home in Northern South Asia
Building Homes in Northern South Asia
Home Designs in Northern South Asia
Furniture in Northern South Asia
Home Decor and Other Home Items in Northern South Asia
Daily Life in Northern South Asia
Self-Care in Northern South Asia
Clothing in Northern South Asia
Food and Hospitality in Northern South Asia
Travel in Northern South Asia
Special Lifestyles in Northern South Asia
Entertainment in Northern South Asia
A Story: Be Brave My Love, Northern India, 450 BCE
Actual Homes in Southern India
Actual Homes on an Island of South Asia
A Look Back and Ahead
chapter 6: Mauryas and Multitudes: 326 to 180 BCE 211
A History of Violence
A Worldwide Context
New Perspectives in a New Library
Communication in Continental South Asia
Different Beliefs in Continental South Asia
Entertainment and Aesthetics in Continental South Asia
Where People Lived in Continental South Asia
Architecture in Continental South Asia
Home Ideas in Continental South Asia
A Special Focus: Ceremonies Specifically for New Homes
Home Design in Continental South Asia
Furniture in Continental South Asia
Home Decor in Continental South Asia
Maintenance in Continental South Asia
Society in Continental South Asia
Etiquette in Continental South Asia
Medical Issues in Continental South Asia
Marriage and Children in Continental South Asia
Females in Continental South Asia
Evidence of the Seclusion of Women
Economic Matters in Continental South Asia
Government in Continental South Asia
Daily Life in Continental South Asia
Self-Care in Continental South Asia
Continental South Asia Wardrobes
Cuisine in Continental South Asia
Hospitality in Continental South Asia
Travel and Surroundings in Continental South Asia
Actual Homes in Mountainous Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Flat Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Fertile Northeastern South Asia
A Specialist Library of Northern South Asia
Society in Northern South Asia
Sex and/or Marriage in Northern South Asia
Lifestyles in Northern South Asia
A Specialist Library of Northern India
Travel in Northern India
Homes in Northern India
Rituals in Northern India
Daily Life in Northern India
Actual Homes in Arid Western India
Actual Homes in Central Hilly India
Some Notes on Southern India
Actual Homes in Southern India
A Story: Lies and Machinations, India, 250 BCE
Actual Homes on an Island of South Asia
Continuity and Contradiction
A Time-Traveling Excursion: Outcastes and Untouchables



Volume Two, 180 BCE to 300 CE
Section 4: Background History, Archaeology, and Literature of 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 7: Background Stories.................................... 296
Introduction to Volume Two
A Vague Political History
A Worldwide Context
chapter 8: Actual Homes................................................ 302
Actual Homes in Mountainous Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Flat Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Fertile Northeastern South Asia
Actual Homes in Arid Western India
Actual Homes in Central Hilly India
Actual Homes in Southern India
Actual Homes on an Island of South Asia
chapter 9: The Literary Background......................... 334
Still-Honored Old Writings
Languages
Multilingualism
South Asian Writings
A Northwestern South Asian Work
A Northeastern South Asian Work
Northern Indian Writings
Central Indian Writings
Southern Indian Writings
Sri Lankan Writings

Section 5: Economic Life: Lifestyles of the Rich and the Poor in 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 10: Courteous Wealthy Men Enjoying Expensive Homes 347
Landscapes and Climate
Building Professionals
Building Materials
Building Laws
Homes of the Wealthy in Literature
Home Decor
Feelings about Homes
Property Ownership, Sales, and Renting
Other Aspects of a Wealthy Lifestyle
South Asian Economies
A Chart: A Portrait of the South Asian Economy, c200s CE
Currency in South Asia
Taxation
Lending Policies
Etiquette
Individuality and Privacy
Happiness
Comfort
A Summary of a Wealthy Lifestyle
chapter 11: Poor People Dealing with Difficulties in Unpleasant Homes 358
Poverty Stricken
South Asian Hardships
Outright Calamities
Firefighting
Homes of the Poor in Literature
Home Maintenance
Emotional Impoverishment
A Summary of a Poor Lifestyle

Section 6: Artistic Life: Artworks and Furnishings of 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 12: Furniture Designers................................. 367
Seating Designs
Bed and Couch Designs
Other Furniture Designs
Furniture Use
chapter 13: Artists and Aesthetics............................ 374
The Fine Arts
Aesthetics
Economic Level of Artists
Social Status of Artists
Lifestyles of Artists
Artisan Professions
A Summary of an Artisan's Lifestyle
chapter 14: Textile Designers and Other Workers 381
Social and Economic Status of Textile Artisans
Textile Types
Textile Materials
Textile Designs
The Cost of Textiles
A Summary of a Textile Artisan's Lifestyle

Section 7: Fashion Life: How People Cared for and Dressed Themselves in 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 15: The Fashion Industry................................ 385
Clothing Designs
Wardrobe Philosophies
Fashion Accessories
Clothing Care
A Summary of a Fashion Designer's Lifestyle
chapter 16: Jewelry Designers and Makers............ 395
Jewelry Designs
Jewelry Use
A Summary of Jewelers' Lifestyles
chapter 17: Servants, Body Care, and Other Maintenance  400
Jobs and Salaries of Low-Ranking Workers
Slavery
Lifestyles of Low-Ranking Workers
Body Care
Hair Styling
Housecleaning
A Summary of a Low-Ranking Worker's Lifestyle

Section 8: Settlement Life: Urban and Village Lifestyles of 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 18: Many Farmers in Many Villages........... 413
Social Standing of Farmers
Economic Level of Farmers
Farming Technology
Farming Lifestyles
Village and Family Sizes and Population Density
Boundary Disputes
Rural Surroundings
Village Lifestyles
A Summary of a Village-Dwelling Farmer's Lifestyle
chapter 19: A Few Royals Living in a Few Cities..... 421
Monarchical Governments
Royal Lifestyles and Routines
Royal Entertainment
Royal Etiquette
Royal Wardrobes
Royal Security
Royal Travel
Princely Lifestyles
Princess-ly Lifestyles
Kingly Succession
Actual Royal Homes
Ideal Royal Homes
Literary Palaces
Types of Cities
City Planning
City Sizes
Public Architecture
The Cost of Building
Urban Lifestyles
Palace People
Thus Far
A Summary of a City-Dwelling King's Lifestyle

Section 9: Shopping Life: Trading and Traveling Lifestyles in 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 20: Traders and Travelers............................ 443
Traders' Lifestyles
Shopping Styles
Travelers' Lifestyles
Travel Routes and Times
Traffic Laws
Travel for Pleasure
A Summary of a Traveling Trader's Lifestyle

Section 10: Gastronomic Life: Food and Hospitality in180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 21: Food Professionals and Hospitality.. 455
New Foods and Their Preparation: General South Asia
New Foods and Their Preparation: Northern South Asia
Evidence of "Indian" Food?
Foods and Their Preparation: Southern India
Foods and Their Preparation: Islands
Procuring Food
Professional Food Outlets
Food Serving and Etiquette
Hospitality
Tableware
Beliefs about Food

Section 11: Intellectual Life: Knowledge and Academic Lifestyles of 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 22: Teachers in a Literate, Knowledgeable Society        491
Teaching Lifestyles
Educational Syllabi and Methods
Knowledge
Literacy
chapter 23: Scribes and Communication................... 499
The Work of Scribes
Scripts
Writing Materials
Other Forms of Communication

Section 12: Social Life: How People Were Treated in 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 24: Women Dealing with Inheritance Laws 505
The Control, Abuse, and Villification of Women
The Seclusion of Women
Widows
Lucky Exceptions
Women's Education
Women's Careers
Other Female Roles
Women and Finances
Inheritance Laws
A Summary of a Woman's Lifestyle
chapter 25: Married People Dealing with Romance and Divorce 517
Expected Age of Marriage
Engagements and Weddings
Polygyny and Polyandry
Other Expectations of Married Life
Separation and Divorce
Romance
A Summary of Married Lifestyles
chapter 26: Children Living in Families..................... 525
Pregnancy and Childbirth
Children's Lifestyles
Joint Families
Evidence of Joint Families in Homes
A Summary of Childhood Lifestyles
chapter 27: People in and out of Castes and Other Social Rankings 530
The Caste System in the Past
New Caste Permutations
Outcastes
Variations on Castes
Other Social Rankings
How Social Ranking Affected Financial Status
How Social Ranking Affected Lifestyles
A More Optimistic View of Society
A Summary of Caste-Affected Lifestyles
chapter 28: Religious People........................................ 538
Brahmanical Religions
Brahmanical Lifestyles
Brahmanical Home Rituals
Brahmanical Life Stages
Religious Ascetics
Other Religions of This Era
Other Beliefs of This Era
A Remarkable Cynicism
A Summary of a Religious Lifestyle
chapter 29: Outsiders...................................................... 550
Outsiders in General
Tribals
Mlecchas and Other Outsiders
Foreigners
chapter 30: Animals.......................................................... 552
Animals and Their Conservation
Animals' Homes
The Care and Feeding of Animals
Animal Fashions
Animals' Jobs
Other Beliefs about Animals; or, Animals and Their Conversation
A Summary of an Animal's Lifestyle

Section 13: Working Life: Some Other Professions' Lifestyles of 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 31: Physicians and Health Issues................ 557
Lifespans
The Suffering of the Sick
Beliefs on Healthy Lifestyles
Drugs and Other Medical Treatments
Medical Facilities
Medical Professionals and Their Education
A Summary of Medical Care
Death Rituals
A Summary of a Physician's Lifestyle
chapter 32: Courtiers and Royal Officials............. 573
Courtly Etiquette
Signs of Royal Favor
Various Royal Officials
Foreign Service
A Summary of a Courtier's Lifestyle
chapter 33: Justice Officials........................................ 577
Governmental Control of Its People
Laws and Crimes
A Complex Justice System
Prisons
Trials
Witnesses and Other Evidence
Punishments
chapter 34: Members of the Military Waging War 585
Military Lifestyles
Military Wardrobes
Military Residences
Warfare
Battle Equipment and Techniques
A Soldier's Life: A Summary

Section 14: Entertaining Lifestyles: How People Had Fun in 180 BCE to 300 CE
chapter 35: Entertainers and Drama......................... 590
The Entertainment Industry
Entertainers' Lifestyles
Drama
Philosophies of Entertainment
A Summary of an Entertainer's Lifestyle
chapter 36: Musicians...................................................... 597
Popular Music
Music Professionals
Musical Instruments
A Time-Traveling Excursion: Indian Classical Music
chapter 37: Courtesans Encountering Sexual Mores 601
South Asian "Geisha Girls"
Other Sex Workers
Sexual Practices
Sexual Beliefs and Expectations
A Summary of a Courtesan's Lifestyle
chapter 38: Sports Professionals Playing Games 606
Sports
Other Games
Gambling

Section 15: Tying 180 BCE to 300 CE All Together
chapter 39: A Script for You......................................... 608
A Play: "Love in War," Northern India, 50 CE
chapter 40: Conclusions................................................ 624
Similarities to Today's South Asia
Differences from Today's South Asia
One More Look



Volume Three, 300 to 700 CE
Section 16: Empires and Epic Journeys: 300 to 500 CE
chapter 41: Guptas and Other Stories of Continental India: 300-500 CE  626
Gupta Political History
Numismatic Notes
A Worldwide Context
A Library from Continental India
Language in This Era
Lifestyles of Continental India
Economy of Continental India
Food in Continental India
Etiquette in Continental India
Castes in Continental India
Education in Continental India
Marriage in Continental India
Women in Continental India
Lifespans in Continental India
Self-Care in Continental India
Maintenance in Continental India
Some Other Beliefs in Continental India
Homes and Furnishings in Continental India
A Serial Story: "Changing Times," Continental South Asia, 450 CE, Part 1
chapter 42: Buddhists and Sophisticated Urbanites in Northern South Asia: 300-500 CE.................................................................................................. 645
Actual Homes in Mountainous Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Flat Northern South Asia
A Library from Flat Northern India
Medicine in Flat Northern India
Actual Homes in Fertile Northeastern South Asia
Lifestyle Clues from Art and Travel in Northern South Asia
A Serial Story: "Changing Times," Northern South Asia, 450 CE, Part 2
chapter 43: Epic Echoes in Western India: 300-500 CE 671
Actual Homes in Arid Western India
A Library from Western India
A Few Lifestyle Notes from Western India
chapter 44: Mud and Mansions in Central India: 300-500 CE         674
Actual Homes in Central Hilly India
A Library from Central Hilly India
Women in Central Hilly India
Sex and Marriage in Central Hilly India
Aesthetics in Central Hilly India
Arts and Other Entertainment in Central Hilly India
Music in Central Hilly India
Communication and Languages in Central Hilly India
Government, Justice, and War in Central Hilly India
Settlements in Central Hilly India
Out-of-Doors in Central Hilly India
Travel in Central Hilly India
Lifestyles in Central Hilly India
The State of Knowledge in Central Hilly India
Medicine in Central Hilly India
Other Beliefs in Central Hilly India
Society in Central Hilly India
Food and Hospitality in Central Hilly India
Homes in Central Hilly India
Furnishing and Decor in Central Hilly India
Clothing and Jewelry in Central Hilly India
Self-Care and Comfort in Central Hilly India
A Serial Story: "Changing Times," Central Hilly India, 450 CE, Part 3
chapter 45: Lives of Pleasure and Pain in Southern India: 300-500 CE       712
A Library from Southern India
Languages and Literacy in Southern India
Homes and Furnishings in Southern India
Settlements in Southern India
Beliefs in Southern India
Social Status in Southern India
Genders and Morality in Southern India
Lifestyles in Southern India
Self-Care in Southern India
Wardrobes in Southern India
Entertainment in Southern India
Southern India Foods
Dangers in Southern India
Travel in Southern India
Warfare in Southern India
The Judiciary System of Southern India
Economy of Southern India
A Serial Story: "Changing Times," Southrn India, 450 CE, Part 4
chapter 46: Sermons and Other Violence in Sri Lanka: 300-500 CE     731
A Library in Sri Lanka
Language Use in Sri Lanka
Beliefs in Sri Lanka
Literacy and Communication in Sri Lanka
Education in Sri Lanka
Knowledge in Sri Lanka
Medical Care in Sri Lanka
Entertainment in Sri Lanka
Philosophies of Happiness, Privacy, Comfort, and Beauty in Sri Lanka
Literary Home Designs and Use in Sri Lanka
Building in Sri Lanka
Maintenance in Sri Lanka
Furnishings in Sri Lanka
Home Decor in Sri Lanka
Other Buildings in Sri Lanka
Settlements in Sri Lanka
Other Surroundings and Travel in Sri Lanka
War and Other Dangers in Sri Lanka
Governments and Justice Systems in Sri Lanka
Economy of Sri Lanka
Professions in Sri Lanka
Society and Etiquette in Sri Lanka
Marriage and Family in Sri Lanka
Child Abuse in Sri Lanka
Women in Sri Lanka
Fashion in Sri Lanka
Body Care in Sri Lanka
Eating in Sri Lanka
Other Lifestyles in Sri Lanka
A Serial Story: "Changing Times," Sri Lanka, 450 CE, Part 5
chapter 47: Epic Lives in Northern India c300-500 CE 847
The Famous Library from Northern India
Epic Communication in Northern India
Epic Travel in Northern India
Epic Settlements of Northern India
Epic Population Size and Distribution in Northern India
Epic War in Northern India
Epic Governments from Northern India
The Epic Economy of Northern India
Epic Beliefs in Northern India
Epic Education and Knowledge in Northern India
Epic Homes and Other Buildings
A Chart: Palaces of the Gods of Northern India, c400s CE
Epic Building Maintenance
Epic Furniture
Epic Soft Furnishings and Textiles
Epic Decor
Epic Aesthetics
Epic Lifestyles in Northern India
Epic Entertainment in Northern India
Epic Noise in Northern India
Epic Self-Care in Northern India
Epic Clothing in Northern India
Epic Animals in Northern India
Epic Social Life in Northern India
Epic Etiquette in Northern India
Epic Marital and Sexual Arrangements in Northern India
Epic Marriage in Northern India
Epic Polygyny in Northern India
Epic Sex in Northern India
Epic Children in Northern India
Epic Joint Families in Northern India
Epic Female Abuse in Northern India
Epic Female Education in Northern India
Epic Female Workers in Northern India
Epic Hospitality in Northern India
Epic Food in Northern India
A Serial Story: "Changing Times," Epic Edition, 450 CE, Part 6
Conclusions on This Era

Section 17: Travels and Designed Lives: 500 to 700 CE
chapter 48: High Design in the Midst of High Unrest: 500 to 700 CE   906
Political History
A Worldwide Context
A General South Asian Library
Some South Asian Lifestyles: Food, Entertainment, Clothing, Females
Some South Asian Homes and Settlements
A General Indian Library
Indian Belief and Knowledge Systems and Religious Buildings
Indian Travel
Professionally Planned Indian Settlements
Professional Building in India
Professionally Designed Indian Homes and Other Buildings: Sizes, Components, Designs
Furnishing Indian Homes
Indian Wardrobes
Indian Lifestyles including Self-Care, Food, and Entertainment
Indian Society and Violence
Actual Homes in Flat Northern South Asia
Actual Homes in Fertile Northeastern South Asia
A Northern South Asian Library
Writing Materials
Buildings and Their Furnishings in Northern South Asia
Entertainment and Arts in Northern South Asia
Food in Northern South Asia
Self-Care in Northern South Asia
Wardrobes in Northern South Asia
Social Abuse in Northern South Asia
Sources from Western India
Buildings and Their Furnishings in Western India
Clothing and Self-Care in Western India
Shopping in Western India
Actual Homes in Central Hilly India
A Glimpse of Life in Central Hilly India
Actual Homes in Southern India
A Southern Indian Library
Education in Southern India
Southern Indian Settlements, Buildings, and Their Furnishing
Lifestyles in Southern India
Shopping in Southern India
Food in Southern India
Music and Other Entertainment in Southern India
Self-Care and Wardrobe in Southern India
Weddings and Other Abuse from Southern India
Beliefs in Southern India
Actual Homes in Sri Lanka
A Sri Lankan Library
Lifestyles in Sri Lanka
A Story: Mystery of the Missing Tools, India, 650 CE
Conclusions
Bon Voyage

Index....................................................................................... 976

About the Author............................................................... 988


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